fs/pipe.c

/*
 *  linux/fs/pipe.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1999  Linus Torvalds
 */

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/magic.h>
#include <linux/pipe_fs_i.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/ioctls.h>

#include "internal.h"

/*
 * The max size that a non-root user is allowed to grow the pipe. Can
 * be set by root in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
 */
unsigned int pipe_max_size = 1048576;

/*
 * Minimum pipe size, as required by POSIX
 */
unsigned int pipe_min_size = PAGE_SIZE;

/*
 * We use a start+len construction, which provides full use of the 
 * allocated memory.
 * -- Florian Coosmann (FGC)
 * 
 * Reads with count = 0 should always return 0.
 * -- Julian Bradfield 1999-06-07.
 *
 * FIFOs and Pipes now generate SIGIO for both readers and writers.
 * -- Jeremy Elson <jelson@circlemud.org> 2001-08-16
 *
 * pipe_read & write cleanup
 * -- Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com> 2002-05-09
 */

static void pipe_lock_nested(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, int subclass)
{
	if (pipe->inode)
		mutex_lock_nested(&pipe->inode->i_mutex, subclass);
}

void pipe_lock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
	/*
	 * pipe_lock() nests non-pipe inode locks (for writing to a file)
	 */
	pipe_lock_nested(pipe, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pipe_lock);

void pipe_unlock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
	if (pipe->inode)
		mutex_unlock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pipe_unlock);

void pipe_double_lock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe1,
		      struct pipe_inode_info *pipe2)
{
	BUG_ON(pipe1 == pipe2);

	if (pipe1 < pipe2) {
		pipe_lock_nested(pipe1, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		pipe_lock_nested(pipe2, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
	} else {
		pipe_lock_nested(pipe2, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
		pipe_lock_nested(pipe1, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
	}
}

/* Drop the inode semaphore and wait for a pipe event, atomically */
void pipe_wait(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
	DEFINE_WAIT(wait);

	/*
	 * Pipes are system-local resources, so sleeping on them
	 * is considered a noninteractive wait:
	 */
	prepare_to_wait(&pipe->wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	schedule();
	finish_wait(&pipe->wait, &wait);
	pipe_lock(pipe);
}

static int
pipe_iov_copy_from_user(void *to, struct iovec *iov, unsigned long len,
			int atomic)
{
	unsigned long copy;

	while (len > 0) {
		while (!iov->iov_len)
			iov++;
		copy = min_t(unsigned long, len, iov->iov_len);

		if (atomic) {
			if (__copy_from_user_inatomic(to, iov->iov_base, copy))
				return -EFAULT;
		} else {
			if (copy_from_user(to, iov->iov_base, copy))
				return -EFAULT;
		}
		to += copy;
		len -= copy;
		iov->iov_base += copy;
		iov->iov_len -= copy;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
pipe_iov_copy_to_user(struct iovec *iov, const void *from, unsigned long len,
		      int atomic)
{
	unsigned long copy;

	while (len > 0) {
		while (!iov->iov_len)
			iov++;
		copy = min_t(unsigned long, len, iov->iov_len);

		if (atomic) {
			if (__copy_to_user_inatomic(iov->iov_base, from, copy))
				return -EFAULT;
		} else {
			if (copy_to_user(iov->iov_base, from, copy))
				return -EFAULT;
		}
		from += copy;
		len -= copy;
		iov->iov_base += copy;
		iov->iov_len -= copy;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Attempt to pre-fault in the user memory, so we can use atomic copies.
 * Returns the number of bytes not faulted in.
 */
static int iov_fault_in_pages_write(struct iovec *iov, unsigned long len)
{
	while (!iov->iov_len)
		iov++;

	while (len > 0) {
		unsigned long this_len;

		this_len = min_t(unsigned long, len, iov->iov_len);
		if (fault_in_pages_writeable(iov->iov_base, this_len))
			break;

		len -= this_len;
		iov++;
	}

	return len;
}

/*
 * Pre-fault in the user memory, so we can use atomic copies.
 */
static void iov_fault_in_pages_read(struct iovec *iov, unsigned long len)
{
	while (!iov->iov_len)
		iov++;

	while (len > 0) {
		unsigned long this_len;

		this_len = min_t(unsigned long, len, iov->iov_len);
		fault_in_pages_readable(iov->iov_base, this_len);
		len -= this_len;
		iov++;
	}
}

static void anon_pipe_buf_release(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
				  struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	struct page *page = buf->page;

	/*
	 * If nobody else uses this page, and we don't already have a
	 * temporary page, let's keep track of it as a one-deep
	 * allocation cache. (Otherwise just release our reference to it)
	 */
	if (page_count(page) == 1 && !pipe->tmp_page)
		pipe->tmp_page = page;
	else
		page_cache_release(page);
}

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_map - virtually map a pipe buffer
 * @pipe:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer that should be mapped
 * @atomic:	whether to use an atomic map
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function returns a kernel virtual address mapping for the
 *	pipe_buffer passed in @buf. If @atomic is set, an atomic map is provided
 *	and the caller has to be careful not to fault before calling
 *	the unmap function.
 *
 *	Note that this function calls kmap_atomic() if @atomic != 0.
 */
void *generic_pipe_buf_map(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
			   struct pipe_buffer *buf, int atomic)
{
	if (atomic) {
		buf->flags |= PIPE_BUF_FLAG_ATOMIC;
		return kmap_atomic(buf->page);
	}

	return kmap(buf->page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_map);

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_unmap - unmap a previously mapped pipe buffer
 * @pipe:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer that should be unmapped
 * @map_data:	the data that the mapping function returned
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function undoes the mapping that ->map() provided.
 */
void generic_pipe_buf_unmap(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
			    struct pipe_buffer *buf, void *map_data)
{
	if (buf->flags & PIPE_BUF_FLAG_ATOMIC) {
		buf->flags &= ~PIPE_BUF_FLAG_ATOMIC;
		kunmap_atomic(map_data);
	} else
		kunmap(buf->page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_unmap);

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_steal - attempt to take ownership of a &pipe_buffer
 * @pipe:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer to attempt to steal
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function attempts to steal the &struct page attached to
 *	@buf. If successful, this function returns 0 and returns with
 *	the page locked. The caller may then reuse the page for whatever
 *	he wishes; the typical use is insertion into a different file
 *	page cache.
 */
int generic_pipe_buf_steal(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
			   struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	struct page *page = buf->page;

	/*
	 * A reference of one is golden, that means that the owner of this
	 * page is the only one holding a reference to it. lock the page
	 * and return OK.
	 */
	if (page_count(page) == 1) {
		lock_page(page);
		return 0;
	}

	return 1;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_steal);

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_get - get a reference to a &struct pipe_buffer
 * @pipe:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer to get a reference to
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function grabs an extra reference to @buf. It's used in
 *	in the tee() system call, when we duplicate the buffers in one
 *	pipe into another.
 */
void generic_pipe_buf_get(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	page_cache_get(buf->page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_get);

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_confirm - verify contents of the pipe buffer
 * @info:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer to confirm
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function does nothing, because the generic pipe code uses
 *	pages that are always good when inserted into the pipe.
 */
int generic_pipe_buf_confirm(struct pipe_inode_info *info,
			     struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_confirm);

/**
 * generic_pipe_buf_release - put a reference to a &struct pipe_buffer
 * @pipe:	the pipe that the buffer belongs to
 * @buf:	the buffer to put a reference to
 *
 * Description:
 *	This function releases a reference to @buf.
 */
void generic_pipe_buf_release(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
			      struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	page_cache_release(buf->page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_pipe_buf_release);

static const struct pipe_buf_operations anon_pipe_buf_ops = {
	.can_merge = 1,
	.map = generic_pipe_buf_map,
	.unmap = generic_pipe_buf_unmap,
	.confirm = generic_pipe_buf_confirm,
	.release = anon_pipe_buf_release,
	.steal = generic_pipe_buf_steal,
	.get = generic_pipe_buf_get,
};

static const struct pipe_buf_operations packet_pipe_buf_ops = {
	.can_merge = 0,
	.map = generic_pipe_buf_map,
	.unmap = generic_pipe_buf_unmap,
	.confirm = generic_pipe_buf_confirm,
	.release = anon_pipe_buf_release,
	.steal = generic_pipe_buf_steal,
	.get = generic_pipe_buf_get,
};

static ssize_t
pipe_read(struct kiocb *iocb, const struct iovec *_iov,
	   unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t pos)
{
	struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = file_inode(filp)->i_pipe;
	int do_wakeup;
	ssize_t ret;
	struct iovec *iov = (struct iovec *)_iov;
	size_t total_len;

	total_len = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
	/* Null read succeeds. */
	if (unlikely(total_len == 0))
		return 0;

	do_wakeup = 0;
	ret = 0;
	pipe_lock(pipe);
	for (;;) {
		int bufs = pipe->nrbufs;
		if (bufs) {
			int curbuf = pipe->curbuf;
			struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + curbuf;
			const struct pipe_buf_operations *ops = buf->ops;
			void *addr;
			size_t chars = buf->len;
			int error, atomic;

			if (chars > total_len)
				chars = total_len;

			error = ops->confirm(pipe, buf);
			if (error) {
				if (!ret)
					ret = error;
				break;
			}

			atomic = !iov_fault_in_pages_write(iov, chars);
redo:
			addr = ops->map(pipe, buf, atomic);
			error = pipe_iov_copy_to_user(iov, addr + buf->offset, chars, atomic);
			ops->unmap(pipe, buf, addr);
			if (unlikely(error)) {
				/*
				 * Just retry with the slow path if we failed.
				 */
				if (atomic) {
					atomic = 0;
					goto redo;
				}
				if (!ret)
					ret = error;
				break;
			}
			ret += chars;
			buf->offset += chars;
			buf->len -= chars;

			/* Was it a packet buffer? Clean up and exit */
			if (buf->flags & PIPE_BUF_FLAG_PACKET) {
				total_len = chars;
				buf->len = 0;
			}

			if (!buf->len) {
				buf->ops = NULL;
				ops->release(pipe, buf);
				curbuf = (curbuf + 1) & (pipe->buffers - 1);
				pipe->curbuf = curbuf;
				pipe->nrbufs = --bufs;
				do_wakeup = 1;
			}
			total_len -= chars;
			if (!total_len)
				break;	/* common path: read succeeded */
		}
		if (bufs)	/* More to do? */
			continue;
		if (!pipe->writers)
			break;
		if (!pipe->waiting_writers) {
			/* syscall merging: Usually we must not sleep
			 * if O_NONBLOCK is set, or if we got some data.
			 * But if a writer sleeps in kernel space, then
			 * we can wait for that data without violating POSIX.
			 */
			if (ret)
				break;
			if (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
				ret = -EAGAIN;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (signal_pending(current)) {
			if (!ret)
				ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
			break;
		}
		if (do_wakeup) {
			wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(&pipe->wait, POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM);
 			kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_writers, SIGIO, POLL_OUT);
		}
		pipe_wait(pipe);
	}
	pipe_unlock(pipe);

	/* Signal writers asynchronously that there is more room. */
	if (do_wakeup) {
		wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(&pipe->wait, POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM);
		kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_writers, SIGIO, POLL_OUT);
	}
	if (ret > 0)
		file_accessed(filp);
	return ret;
}

static inline int is_packetized(struct file *file)
{
	return (file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) != 0;
}

static ssize_t
pipe_write(struct kiocb *iocb, const struct iovec *_iov,
	    unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t ppos)
{
	struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = file_inode(filp)->i_pipe;
	ssize_t ret;
	int do_wakeup;
	struct iovec *iov = (struct iovec *)_iov;
	size_t total_len;
	ssize_t chars;

	total_len = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
	/* Null write succeeds. */
	if (unlikely(total_len == 0))
		return 0;

	do_wakeup = 0;
	ret = 0;
	pipe_lock(pipe);

	if (!pipe->readers) {
		send_sig(SIGPIPE, current, 0);
		ret = -EPIPE;
		goto out;
	}

	/* We try to merge small writes */
	chars = total_len & (PAGE_SIZE-1); /* size of the last buffer */
	if (pipe->nrbufs && chars != 0) {
		int lastbuf = (pipe->curbuf + pipe->nrbufs - 1) &
							(pipe->buffers - 1);
		struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + lastbuf;
		const struct pipe_buf_operations *ops = buf->ops;
		int offset = buf->offset + buf->len;

		if (ops->can_merge && offset + chars <= PAGE_SIZE) {
			int error, atomic = 1;
			void *addr;

			error = ops->confirm(pipe, buf);
			if (error)
				goto out;

			iov_fault_in_pages_read(iov, chars);
redo1:
			addr = ops->map(pipe, buf, atomic);
			error = pipe_iov_copy_from_user(offset + addr, iov,
							chars, atomic);
			ops->unmap(pipe, buf, addr);
			ret = error;
			do_wakeup = 1;
			if (error) {
				if (atomic) {
					atomic = 0;
					goto redo1;
				}
				goto out;
			}
			buf->len += chars;
			total_len -= chars;
			ret = chars;
			if (!total_len)
				goto out;
		}
	}

	for (;;) {
		int bufs;

		if (!pipe->readers) {
			send_sig(SIGPIPE, current, 0);
			if (!ret)
				ret = -EPIPE;
			break;
		}
		bufs = pipe->nrbufs;
		if (bufs < pipe->buffers) {
			int newbuf = (pipe->curbuf + bufs) & (pipe->buffers-1);
			struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + newbuf;
			struct page *page = pipe->tmp_page;
			char *src;
			int error, atomic = 1;

			if (!page) {
				page = alloc_page(GFP_HIGHUSER);
				if (unlikely(!page)) {
					ret = ret ? : -ENOMEM;
					break;
				}
				pipe->tmp_page = page;
			}
			/* Always wake up, even if the copy fails. Otherwise
			 * we lock up (O_NONBLOCK-)readers that sleep due to
			 * syscall merging.
			 * FIXME! Is this really true?
			 */
			do_wakeup = 1;
			chars = PAGE_SIZE;
			if (chars > total_len)
				chars = total_len;

			iov_fault_in_pages_read(iov, chars);
redo2:
			if (atomic)
				src = kmap_atomic(page);
			else
				src = kmap(page);

			error = pipe_iov_copy_from_user(src, iov, chars,
							atomic);
			if (atomic)
				kunmap_atomic(src);
			else
				kunmap(page);

			if (unlikely(error)) {
				if (atomic) {
					atomic = 0;
					goto redo2;
				}
				if (!ret)
					ret = error;
				break;
			}
			ret += chars;

			/* Insert it into the buffer array */
			buf->page = page;
			buf->ops = &anon_pipe_buf_ops;
			buf->offset = 0;
			buf->len = chars;
			buf->flags = 0;
			if (is_packetized(filp)) {
				buf->ops = &packet_pipe_buf_ops;
				buf->flags = PIPE_BUF_FLAG_PACKET;
			}
			pipe->nrbufs = ++bufs;
			pipe->tmp_page = NULL;

			total_len -= chars;
			if (!total_len)
				break;
		}
		if (bufs < pipe->buffers)
			continue;
		if (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
			if (!ret)
				ret = -EAGAIN;
			break;
		}
		if (signal_pending(current)) {
			if (!ret)
				ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
			break;
		}
		if (do_wakeup) {
			wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(&pipe->wait, POLLIN | POLLRDNORM);
			kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_readers, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
			do_wakeup = 0;
		}
		pipe->waiting_writers++;
		pipe_wait(pipe);
		pipe->waiting_writers--;
	}
out:
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	if (do_wakeup) {
		wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(&pipe->wait, POLLIN | POLLRDNORM);
		kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_readers, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
	}
	if (ret > 0) {
		int err = file_update_time(filp);
		if (err)
			ret = err;
	}
	return ret;
}

static long pipe_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = file_inode(filp)->i_pipe;
	int count, buf, nrbufs;

	switch (cmd) {
		case FIONREAD:
			pipe_lock(pipe);
			count = 0;
			buf = pipe->curbuf;
			nrbufs = pipe->nrbufs;
			while (--nrbufs >= 0) {
				count += pipe->bufs[buf].len;
				buf = (buf+1) & (pipe->buffers - 1);
			}
			pipe_unlock(pipe);

			return put_user(count, (int __user *)arg);
		default:
			return -ENOIOCTLCMD;
	}
}

/* No kernel lock held - fine */
static unsigned int
pipe_poll(struct file *filp, poll_table *wait)
{
	unsigned int mask;
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = file_inode(filp)->i_pipe;
	int nrbufs;

	poll_wait(filp, &pipe->wait, wait);

	/* Reading only -- no need for acquiring the semaphore.  */
	nrbufs = pipe->nrbufs;
	mask = 0;
	if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ) {
		mask = (nrbufs > 0) ? POLLIN | POLLRDNORM : 0;
		if (!pipe->writers && filp->f_version != pipe->w_counter)
			mask |= POLLHUP;
	}

	if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) {
		mask |= (nrbufs < pipe->buffers) ? POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM : 0;
		/*
		 * Most Unices do not set POLLERR for FIFOs but on Linux they
		 * behave exactly like pipes for poll().
		 */
		if (!pipe->readers)
			mask |= POLLERR;
	}

	return mask;
}

static int
pipe_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = inode->i_pipe;
	int kill = 0;

	pipe_lock(pipe);
	if (file->f_mode & FMODE_READ)
		pipe->readers--;
	if (file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
		pipe->writers--;

	if (pipe->readers || pipe->writers) {
		wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(&pipe->wait, POLLIN | POLLOUT | POLLRDNORM | POLLWRNORM | POLLERR | POLLHUP);
		kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_readers, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
		kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_writers, SIGIO, POLL_OUT);
	}
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if (!--pipe->files) {
		inode->i_pipe = NULL;
		kill = 1;
	}
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	pipe_unlock(pipe);

	if (kill)
		__free_pipe_info(pipe);

	return 0;
}

static int
pipe_fasync(int fd, struct file *filp, int on)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe = file_inode(filp)->i_pipe;
	int retval = 0;

	pipe_lock(pipe);
	if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ)
		retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &pipe->fasync_readers);
	if ((filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) && retval >= 0) {
		retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &pipe->fasync_writers);
		if (retval < 0 && (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ))
			/* this can happen only if on == T */
			fasync_helper(-1, filp, 0, &pipe->fasync_readers);
	}
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	return retval;
}

struct pipe_inode_info * alloc_pipe_info(struct inode *inode)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;

	pipe = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pipe_inode_info), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (pipe) {
		pipe->bufs = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pipe_buffer) * PIPE_DEF_BUFFERS, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (pipe->bufs) {
			init_waitqueue_head(&pipe->wait);
			pipe->r_counter = pipe->w_counter = 1;
			pipe->inode = inode;
			pipe->buffers = PIPE_DEF_BUFFERS;
			return pipe;
		}
		kfree(pipe);
	}

	return NULL;
}

void __free_pipe_info(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < pipe->buffers; i++) {
		struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + i;
		if (buf->ops)
			buf->ops->release(pipe, buf);
	}
	if (pipe->tmp_page)
		__free_page(pipe->tmp_page);
	kfree(pipe->bufs);
	kfree(pipe);
}

void free_pipe_info(struct inode *inode)
{
	__free_pipe_info(inode->i_pipe);
	inode->i_pipe = NULL;
}

static struct vfsmount *pipe_mnt __read_mostly;

/*
 * pipefs_dname() is called from d_path().
 */
static char *pipefs_dname(struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen)
{
	return dynamic_dname(dentry, buffer, buflen, "pipe:[%lu]",
				dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
}

static const struct dentry_operations pipefs_dentry_operations = {
	.d_dname	= pipefs_dname,
};

static struct inode * get_pipe_inode(void)
{
	struct inode *inode = new_inode_pseudo(pipe_mnt->mnt_sb);
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;

	if (!inode)
		goto fail_inode;

	inode->i_ino = get_next_ino();

	pipe = alloc_pipe_info(inode);
	if (!pipe)
		goto fail_iput;

	inode->i_pipe = pipe;
	pipe->files = 2;
	pipe->readers = pipe->writers = 1;
	inode->i_fop = &pipefifo_fops;

	/*
	 * Mark the inode dirty from the very beginning,
	 * that way it will never be moved to the dirty
	 * list because "mark_inode_dirty()" will think
	 * that it already _is_ on the dirty list.
	 */
	inode->i_state = I_DIRTY;
	inode->i_mode = S_IFIFO | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
	inode->i_uid = current_fsuid();
	inode->i_gid = current_fsgid();
	inode->i_atime = inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = CURRENT_TIME;

	return inode;

fail_iput:
	iput(inode);

fail_inode:
	return NULL;
}

int create_pipe_files(struct file **res, int flags)
{
	int err;
	struct inode *inode = get_pipe_inode();
	struct file *f;
	struct path path;
	static struct qstr name = { .name = "" };

	if (!inode)
		return -ENFILE;

	err = -ENOMEM;
	path.dentry = d_alloc_pseudo(pipe_mnt->mnt_sb, &name);
	if (!path.dentry)
		goto err_inode;
	path.mnt = mntget(pipe_mnt);

	d_instantiate(path.dentry, inode);

	err = -ENFILE;
	f = alloc_file(&path, FMODE_WRITE, &pipefifo_fops);
	if (IS_ERR(f))
		goto err_dentry;

	f->f_flags = O_WRONLY | (flags & (O_NONBLOCK | O_DIRECT));

	res[0] = alloc_file(&path, FMODE_READ, &pipefifo_fops);
	if (IS_ERR(res[0]))
		goto err_file;

	path_get(&path);
	res[0]->f_flags = O_RDONLY | (flags & O_NONBLOCK);
	res[1] = f;
	return 0;

err_file:
	put_filp(f);
err_dentry:
	free_pipe_info(inode);
	path_put(&path);
	return err;

err_inode:
	free_pipe_info(inode);
	iput(inode);
	return err;
}

static int __do_pipe_flags(int *fd, struct file **files, int flags)
{
	int error;
	int fdw, fdr;

	if (flags & ~(O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK | O_DIRECT))
		return -EINVAL;

	error = create_pipe_files(files, flags);
	if (error)
		return error;

	error = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
	if (error < 0)
		goto err_read_pipe;
	fdr = error;

	error = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
	if (error < 0)
		goto err_fdr;
	fdw = error;

	audit_fd_pair(fdr, fdw);
	fd[0] = fdr;
	fd[1] = fdw;
	return 0;

 err_fdr:
	put_unused_fd(fdr);
 err_read_pipe:
	fput(files[0]);
	fput(files[1]);
	return error;
}

int do_pipe_flags(int *fd, int flags)
{
	struct file *files[2];
	int error = __do_pipe_flags(fd, files, flags);
	if (!error) {
		fd_install(fd[0], files[0]);
		fd_install(fd[1], files[1]);
	}
	return error;
}

/*
 * sys_pipe() is the normal C calling standard for creating
 * a pipe. It's not the way Unix traditionally does this, though.
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE2(pipe2, int __user *, fildes, int, flags)
{
	struct file *files[2];
	int fd[2];
	int error;

	error = __do_pipe_flags(fd, files, flags);
	if (!error) {
		if (unlikely(copy_to_user(fildes, fd, sizeof(fd)))) {
			fput(files[0]);
			fput(files[1]);
			put_unused_fd(fd[0]);
			put_unused_fd(fd[1]);
			error = -EFAULT;
		} else {
			fd_install(fd[0], files[0]);
			fd_install(fd[1], files[1]);
		}
	}
	return error;
}

SYSCALL_DEFINE1(pipe, int __user *, fildes)
{
	return sys_pipe2(fildes, 0);
}

static int wait_for_partner(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, unsigned int *cnt)
{
	int cur = *cnt;	

	while (cur == *cnt) {
		pipe_wait(pipe);
		if (signal_pending(current))
			break;
	}
	return cur == *cnt ? -ERESTARTSYS : 0;
}

static void wake_up_partner(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
	wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
}

static int fifo_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
	bool is_pipe = inode->i_sb->s_magic == PIPEFS_MAGIC;
	int kill = 0;
	int ret;

	filp->f_version = 0;

	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if (inode->i_pipe) {
		pipe = inode->i_pipe;
		pipe->files++;
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	} else {
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		pipe = alloc_pipe_info(inode);
		if (!pipe)
			return -ENOMEM;
		pipe->files = 1;
		spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
		if (unlikely(inode->i_pipe)) {
			inode->i_pipe->files++;
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
			__free_pipe_info(pipe);
			pipe = inode->i_pipe;
		} else {
			inode->i_pipe = pipe;
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		}
	}
	/* OK, we have a pipe and it's pinned down */

	pipe_lock(pipe);

	/* We can only do regular read/write on fifos */
	filp->f_mode &= (FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE);

	switch (filp->f_mode) {
	case FMODE_READ:
	/*
	 *  O_RDONLY
	 *  POSIX.1 says that O_NONBLOCK means return with the FIFO
	 *  opened, even when there is no process writing the FIFO.
	 */
		pipe->r_counter++;
		if (pipe->readers++ == 0)
			wake_up_partner(pipe);

		if (!is_pipe && !pipe->writers) {
			if ((filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)) {
				/* suppress POLLHUP until we have
				 * seen a writer */
				filp->f_version = pipe->w_counter;
			} else {
				if (wait_for_partner(pipe, &pipe->w_counter))
					goto err_rd;
			}
		}
		break;
	
	case FMODE_WRITE:
	/*
	 *  O_WRONLY
	 *  POSIX.1 says that O_NONBLOCK means return -1 with
	 *  errno=ENXIO when there is no process reading the FIFO.
	 */
		ret = -ENXIO;
		if (!is_pipe && (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && !pipe->readers)
			goto err;

		pipe->w_counter++;
		if (!pipe->writers++)
			wake_up_partner(pipe);

		if (!is_pipe && !pipe->readers) {
			if (wait_for_partner(pipe, &pipe->r_counter))
				goto err_wr;
		}
		break;
	
	case FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE:
	/*
	 *  O_RDWR
	 *  POSIX.1 leaves this case "undefined" when O_NONBLOCK is set.
	 *  This implementation will NEVER block on a O_RDWR open, since
	 *  the process can at least talk to itself.
	 */

		pipe->readers++;
		pipe->writers++;
		pipe->r_counter++;
		pipe->w_counter++;
		if (pipe->readers == 1 || pipe->writers == 1)
			wake_up_partner(pipe);
		break;

	default:
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto err;
	}

	/* Ok! */
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	return 0;

err_rd:
	if (!--pipe->readers)
		wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
	ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
	goto err;

err_wr:
	if (!--pipe->writers)
		wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
	ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
	goto err;

err:
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if (!--pipe->files) {
		inode->i_pipe = NULL;
		kill = 1;
	}
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	if (kill)
		__free_pipe_info(pipe);
	return ret;
}

const struct file_operations pipefifo_fops = {
	.open		= fifo_open,
	.llseek		= no_llseek,
	.read		= do_sync_read,
	.aio_read	= pipe_read,
	.write		= do_sync_write,
	.aio_write	= pipe_write,
	.poll		= pipe_poll,
	.unlocked_ioctl	= pipe_ioctl,
	.release	= pipe_release,
	.fasync		= pipe_fasync,
};

/*
 * Allocate a new array of pipe buffers and copy the info over. Returns the
 * pipe size if successful, or return -ERROR on error.
 */
static long pipe_set_size(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, unsigned long nr_pages)
{
	struct pipe_buffer *bufs;

	/*
	 * We can shrink the pipe, if arg >= pipe->nrbufs. Since we don't
	 * expect a lot of shrink+grow operations, just free and allocate
	 * again like we would do for growing. If the pipe currently
	 * contains more buffers than arg, then return busy.
	 */
	if (nr_pages < pipe->nrbufs)
		return -EBUSY;

	bufs = kcalloc(nr_pages, sizeof(*bufs), GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOWARN);
	if (unlikely(!bufs))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * The pipe array wraps around, so just start the new one at zero
	 * and adjust the indexes.
	 */
	if (pipe->nrbufs) {
		unsigned int tail;
		unsigned int head;

		tail = pipe->curbuf + pipe->nrbufs;
		if (tail < pipe->buffers)
			tail = 0;
		else
			tail &= (pipe->buffers - 1);

		head = pipe->nrbufs - tail;
		if (head)
			memcpy(bufs, pipe->bufs + pipe->curbuf, head * sizeof(struct pipe_buffer));
		if (tail)
			memcpy(bufs + head, pipe->bufs, tail * sizeof(struct pipe_buffer));
	}

	pipe->curbuf = 0;
	kfree(pipe->bufs);
	pipe->bufs = bufs;
	pipe->buffers = nr_pages;
	return nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
}

/*
 * Currently we rely on the pipe array holding a power-of-2 number
 * of pages.
 */
static inline unsigned int round_pipe_size(unsigned int size)
{
	unsigned long nr_pages;

	nr_pages = (size + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	return roundup_pow_of_two(nr_pages) << PAGE_SHIFT;
}

/*
 * This should work even if CONFIG_PROC_FS isn't set, as proc_dointvec_minmax
 * will return an error.
 */
int pipe_proc_fn(struct ctl_table *table, int write, void __user *buf,
		 size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
	int ret;

	ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buf, lenp, ppos);
	if (ret < 0 || !write)
		return ret;

	pipe_max_size = round_pipe_size(pipe_max_size);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * After the inode slimming patch, i_pipe/i_bdev/i_cdev share the same
 * location, so checking ->i_pipe is not enough to verify that this is a
 * pipe.
 */
struct pipe_inode_info *get_pipe_info(struct file *file)
{
	struct inode *i = file_inode(file);

	return S_ISFIFO(i->i_mode) ? i->i_pipe : NULL;
}

long pipe_fcntl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
	long ret;

	pipe = get_pipe_info(file);
	if (!pipe)
		return -EBADF;

	pipe_lock(pipe);

	switch (cmd) {
	case F_SETPIPE_SZ: {
		unsigned int size, nr_pages;

		size = round_pipe_size(arg);
		nr_pages = size >> PAGE_SHIFT;

		ret = -EINVAL;
		if (!nr_pages)
			goto out;

		if (!capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) && size > pipe_max_size) {
			ret = -EPERM;
			goto out;
		}
		ret = pipe_set_size(pipe, nr_pages);
		break;
		}
	case F_GETPIPE_SZ:
		ret = pipe->buffers * PAGE_SIZE;
		break;
	default:
		ret = -EINVAL;
		break;
	}

out:
	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	return ret;
}

static const struct super_operations pipefs_ops = {
	.destroy_inode = free_inode_nonrcu,
	.statfs = simple_statfs,
};

/*
 * pipefs should _never_ be mounted by userland - too much of security hassle,
 * no real gain from having the whole whorehouse mounted. So we don't need
 * any operations on the root directory. However, we need a non-trivial
 * d_name - pipe: will go nicely and kill the special-casing in procfs.
 */
static struct dentry *pipefs_mount(struct file_system_type *fs_type,
			 int flags, const char *dev_name, void *data)
{
	return mount_pseudo(fs_type, "pipe:", &pipefs_ops,
			&pipefs_dentry_operations, PIPEFS_MAGIC);
}

static struct file_system_type pipe_fs_type = {
	.name		= "pipefs",
	.mount		= pipefs_mount,
	.kill_sb	= kill_anon_super,
};

static int __init init_pipe_fs(void)
{
	int err = register_filesystem(&pipe_fs_type);

	if (!err) {
		pipe_mnt = kern_mount(&pipe_fs_type);
		if (IS_ERR(pipe_mnt)) {
			err = PTR_ERR(pipe_mnt);
			unregister_filesystem(&pipe_fs_type);
		}
	}
	return err;
}

fs_initcall(init_pipe_fs);