==============================
Memory Layout on AArch64 Linux
==============================

Author: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>

This document describes the virtual memory layout used by the AArch64
Linux kernel. The architecture allows up to 4 levels of translation
tables with a 4KB page size and up to 3 levels with a 64KB page size.

AArch64 Linux uses either 3 levels or 4 levels of translation tables
with the 4KB page configuration, allowing 39-bit (512GB) or 48-bit
(256TB) virtual addresses, respectively, for both user and kernel. With
64KB pages, only 2 levels of translation tables, allowing 42-bit (4TB)
virtual address, are used but the memory layout is the same.

User addresses have bits 63:48 set to 0 while the kernel addresses have
the same bits set to 1. TTBRx selection is given by bit 63 of the
virtual address. The swapper_pg_dir contains only kernel (global)
mappings while the user pgd contains only user (non-global) mappings.
The swapper_pg_dir address is written to TTBR1 and never written to
TTBR0.


AArch64 Linux memory layout with 4KB pages + 3 levels::

  Start			End			Size		Use
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  0000000000000000	0000007fffffffff	 512GB		user
  ffffff8000000000	ffffffffffffffff	 512GB		kernel


AArch64 Linux memory layout with 4KB pages + 4 levels::

  Start			End			Size		Use
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  0000000000000000	0000ffffffffffff	 256TB		user
  ffff000000000000	ffffffffffffffff	 256TB		kernel


AArch64 Linux memory layout with 64KB pages + 2 levels::

  Start			End			Size		Use
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  0000000000000000	000003ffffffffff	   4TB		user
  fffffc0000000000	ffffffffffffffff	   4TB		kernel


AArch64 Linux memory layout with 64KB pages + 3 levels::

  Start			End			Size		Use
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  0000000000000000	0000ffffffffffff	 256TB		user
  ffff000000000000	ffffffffffffffff	 256TB		kernel


For details of the virtual kernel memory layout please see the kernel
booting log.


Translation table lookup with 4KB pages::

  +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |63    56|55    48|47    40|39    32|31    24|23    16|15     8|7      0|
  +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
   |                 |         |         |         |         |
   |                 |         |         |         |         v
   |                 |         |         |         |   [11:0]  in-page offset
   |                 |         |         |         +-> [20:12] L3 index
   |                 |         |         +-----------> [29:21] L2 index
   |                 |         +---------------------> [38:30] L1 index
   |                 +-------------------------------> [47:39] L0 index
   +-------------------------------------------------> [63] TTBR0/1


Translation table lookup with 64KB pages::

  +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |63    56|55    48|47    40|39    32|31    24|23    16|15     8|7      0|
  +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
   |                 |    |               |              |
   |                 |    |               |              v
   |                 |    |               |            [15:0]  in-page offset
   |                 |    |               +----------> [28:16] L3 index
   |                 |    +--------------------------> [41:29] L2 index
   |                 +-------------------------------> [47:42] L1 index
   +-------------------------------------------------> [63] TTBR0/1


When using KVM without the Virtualization Host Extensions, the
hypervisor maps kernel pages in EL2 at a fixed (and potentially
random) offset from the linear mapping. See the kern_hyp_va macro and
kvm_update_va_mask function for more details. MMIO devices such as
GICv2 gets mapped next to the HYP idmap page, as do vectors when
ARM64_HARDEN_EL2_VECTORS is selected for particular CPUs.

When using KVM with the Virtualization Host Extensions, no additional
mappings are created, since the host kernel runs directly in EL2.